The Problem of Time in the Wheeler-DeWitt Equation, and Dark Energy
In quantizing gravity, we have the trouble of missing time. This trouble may most easily be explained in a simplified Wheeler-DeWitt equation, which will be shown in the former half of this article. In the latter half, I will present my tentative idea on this issue. A prime symbol will be used to mean a time derivative because of web limitation.
(Japanese version of this post is available.)
The most popular way to quantize is using canonical formalism. ADM formalism [1] is usually used in handling the canonical formalism of gravity. In ADM formalism, the metric of the spacetime will be written as
gμν =
( -N2+NiNj hij Nj
Ni hij )
(A matrix will be denoted in the way above because of web limitation.) Wheeler-DeWitt equation of isotropic space will be considered here, because the problem of time is not different even with the full theory that includes non-isotropic fluctuations. The metric of the isotropic space is
ds2 = - dt2 + a2(t) ( dr2/(1 - kr2) + r2 dθ2 + r2 sin2 θ dφ2 ) ,
where k stands for the normalized curvature. This metric is called Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) metric, or shortly, Robertson–Walker metric. In ADM formalism, this metric corresponds to
hij =
( a2/(1 - kr2) 0 0
0 a2r2 0
0 0 a2r2sin2 θ ) (1)
with Ni = 0. The Lagrangian for this metric is
L = ∫d3x √{-g} R = ∫d3x N√h ( 3R - K2 + (Kij)2 )
after an tedious calculation, where Kij = hij' /2N で Kij = hikhjlKkl , K = hijKij. The integration gives
L = 6 (N k a - a a'2 /N) .
(The factor 6 will be abbreviated afterwards.)
To quantize, we usually consider that we need to move to canonical formalism, which is an idea originating in Dirac. The canonical momenta for this system are
Π = δL/δN' = 0
π = δL/δa' = - 2 a a' /N .
Here the canonical variable Π is not free and permanently under the condition Π = 0. Such condition is called ``constraint'', and a system with at least one constraint is called ``constrained system''.
How should the constrained systems be treated in canonical formalism? The Dirac's idea is as follows[2]. We begin with defining the Hamiltonian with H = Π N' + π a' - L as usual. Then
H = N ( k a - π2/a ) .
Because the condition Π = 0 should hold after time evolution under this Hamiltonian, we have another constraint condition:
0 = Π' = dH/dN = ( k a - π2/a ) ≡ φ .
Such conditions that come from the consistency of the constraints over the time are called ``secondary constraints''. Repeating such a procedure until we have no more secondary constraints, we will have a set of equations that is equivalent to Euler-Lagrange equations. We are happy with this result in classical mechanics.
However, we have trouble in quantum mechanics. Wheeler and DeWitt considered that the constraints should hold on any quantum state |ψ〉[3]:
Π |ψ〉= 0 ,
φ |ψ〉= 0 .
In the case of quantum gravity, we have
H |ψ〉= 0
because of those condition. No time evolution will occur under those conditions, which effectively mean that there is no time. This is the problem of time in quantum gravity.
Here I start presenting my tentative idea for the standard description of the problem above. I suggest introducing a variable T = ∫dt N instead of g00 = N to solve the problem of time. This variable is subjective time for the observer in the system. With this variable, the Lagrangian is
L = (dT/dt)( - a (dt/dT)2 a'2 + k a ) .
This way of parametrization is not strange since this is the same as that of string theory. (What would occur to string quantization if we impose constraints on the states instead of the customary method of gauge fixing? This question is answered in [4], which have less difficulty than the customary method.) This variable T may be regarded as a local coordinate of the spacetime, and also regarded as a chart of the spacetime manifold.
Let us move to canonical formalism.
Π = δL /δT' = a (dt/dT)2 a'2 + k a ,
π = δL/δa'= - 2 a a' /N .
Since we have condition
Π + π2/4a = ka
irrespective of time, this system is a constrained system. With the definition H = Π N' + π a - L, we have
H = 0 .
It can be easily seen that we have no more constraints. Using the WdW idea, we have an equation for the wave function:
(∂/∂T + π2/4a - ka) |ψ〉= 0 .
This equation may be physically interpreted as a Schrödinger equation with its time variable T. (The variable T gives physically meaningful equation in contrast to taking t and N as variables, which have gauge indeterminancy.) Why taking variable T was better? The answer may be that gravity is rather a dynamics of manifolds (or local coordinates) than a dynamics of the metric. If we consider that our curved space owes to embedding into higher-dimensional space, this choice of variable is more natural.
Let us see the physical outcomes of this new method. The equation of motion out of this method is
a a'2 / N2 + ka = λa3/3 + Π .,
On the other hand, the customary method gives
aa'2 / N2 + ka = λa3/3
.
The solution of the ordinary method a = exp √{λ/3} t , for the case of k=0 for brevity, is known as de Sitter space is solution of
a'2/a2 = λ/3 .
In contrast, the differential equation of our method is
a'2/a2 = λ/3 + Π/a ,
and we easily see that the universe tend to expand more than the conventional theory.
Thus our method gives a little bit different outcomes from that of Einstein equations. Usually one may want to abandon such a theory. Though we have unusual situation where we are considering on the ``dark energy'' to explain excessive tendency of expansion, which can include some deviation from Einstein equations. Our method has a virtue of explaining that fact with minimal change without adding any new matter nor any new mechanism.
[1] Arnowitt, R.; Deser, S.; Misner, C. (1959). "Dynamical Structure and Definition of Energy in General Relativity". Physical Review 116 (5): 1322?1330.
[2'] P.A.M. Dirac, Lectures on Quantum Mechanics (Belfer Graduate School of Science, Yeshiva Univ., 1964)
[3] Usually, we handle quantization of the constrained systems with gauge fixing in Lagrangian, or gauge fixing in canonical formalism to bring it to the Dirac brackets. The Wheeler-DeWitt idea of using the constraint equations as if they are Schrödinger equations is only seen in the context of quantum gravity, as far as the author knows.
[4] T. Mogami, Quantization of Nambu-Goto Action in Four Dimensions, arXiv:1005.2726.
P.S. My question about this tentative idea is if it is generally covariant since what is lost is R00 component of the Einstein equations sparing other components like Rii. However, since it is based on the invariant action of dynamical variables which is a local coordinate of a chart of the space-time manifold, it cannot break general covariance. I would like to investigate this point sometime.
